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The doctorate provides an opportunity to deepen the research methods acquired during the first cycles of higher education, but also to take a different look at these methods and possibly to cooperate in improving them.
A doctorate is a diploma required for entry to almost all national and international research bodies.
In France, a doctorate is required to enter the competitive examination for Maître de Conférences and then Professeur des Universités.
The doctorate is also the gateway to the most senior positions in most national/international research establishments, whether public or private.

The doctorate provides an opportunity to deepen the research methods acquired during the first cycles of higher education, but also to take a different look at these methods and possibly to cooperate in improving them.
A doctorate is a diploma required for entry to almost all national and international research bodies.
In France, a doctorate is required to enter the competitive examination for Maître de Conférences and then Professeur des Universités.
The doctorate is also the gateway to the most senior positions in most national/international research establishments, whether public or private.