In our body, all cells have the same DNA. If we compare a cell to a computer, the DNA would be the « hardware ». Therefore, all cells also have the same genes. However, the genes are not expressed and not regulated at the same level in cells. In fact, the gene differential expression makes the identity of a cell and, consequently, determines the type and specificity of organs. The cell character is determined by its genetics and by its epigenetics. Epigenetics refers to the hundreds or even thousands of biochemical modifications that target cell’s DNA and the proteins that surround it in response to its environment. These epigenetic modifications constitute a kind of software that programs and adapts the cell function to its environment. In other words, epigenetic makes the cells living and expert to its environment..

Beta cells have the exclusivity to produce insulin, which is the only hormone that reduces blood sugar in the body. They secrete a significant amount of this hormone into the bloodstream when blood sugar levels rise. Architecturally, beta cells are also very plastic. They are able to increase in their volume and number when body mass increases and when our we have bad dietary habits such eating too much for long fats and carbohydrates. This plasticity and the ability of cells to secrete insulin in response to glucose are established by a software set up between the period of exclusive breastfeeding of the newborn and the period of weaning, characterized by the appearance of a diet rich in sugar. Once the diet is acquired, this software becomes silent in adulthood. However, a body of evidence supports the hypothesis that this software is reactivated in adult beta cells, during weight gain, pregnancy or excessive feeding, in order to increase cell mass and insulin production…