{"id":40323,"date":"2020-04-23T10:27:13","date_gmt":"2020-04-23T08:27:13","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.iemn.fr\/?p=40323"},"modified":"2020-09-11T12:38:08","modified_gmt":"2020-09-11T10:38:08","slug":"essay-on-machines-in-genenral-1786-raffaele-pisano-jennifer-coopersmith-murray-peake","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.iemn.fr\/en\/a-la-une\/essay-on-machines-in-genenral-1786-raffaele-pisano-jennifer-coopersmith-murray-peake.html","title":{"rendered":"\u2018Essay on Machines in General (1786)\u2019 \u2013 Raffaele Pisano \u2013 Jennifer Coopersmith \u2013 Murray Peake"},"content":{"rendered":"<div id='layer_slider_1'  class='avia-layerslider main_color avia-shadow  avia-builder-el-0  el_before_av_textblock  avia-builder-el-first  container_wrap sidebar_right'  style='height: 261px;'  ><div id=\"layerslider_58_gsfg7ugsspxc\" data-ls-slug=\"homepageslider\" class=\"ls-wp-container fitvidsignore ls-selectable\" style=\"width:1140px;height:260px;margin:0 auto;margin-bottom: 0px;\"><div class=\"ls-slide\" data-ls=\"duration:6000;transition2d:5;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"2600\" height=\"270\" src=\"https:\/\/www.iemn.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/01\/sliders_news1.jpg\" class=\"ls-bg\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.iemn.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/01\/sliders_news1.jpg 2600w, https:\/\/www.iemn.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/01\/sliders_news1-300x31.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.iemn.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/01\/sliders_news1-768x80.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.iemn.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/01\/sliders_news1-1030x107.jpg 1030w, https:\/\/www.iemn.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/01\/sliders_news1-1500x156.jpg 1500w, https:\/\/www.iemn.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/01\/sliders_news1-705x73.jpg 705w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 2600px) 100vw, 2600px\" \/><ls-layer style=\"font-size:14px;text-align:left;font-style:normal;text-decoration:none;text-transform:none;font-weight:700;letter-spacing:0px;border-style:solid;border-color:#000;background-position:0% 0%;background-repeat:no-repeat;width:180px;height:30px;left:0px;top:231px;line-height:32px;color:#ffffff;border-radius:6px 6px 6px 6px;padding-left:50px;background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.57);\" class=\"ls-l ls-ib-icon ls-text-layer\" data-ls=\"minfontsize:0;minmobilefontsize:0;\"><i class=\"fa fa-quote-right\" style=\"color:#ffffff;margin-right:0.8em;font-size:1em;transform:translateY( -0.125em );\"><\/i>ACTUALITES<\/ls-layer><\/div><\/div><\/div><div id='after_layer_slider_1'  class='main_color av_default_container_wrap container_wrap sidebar_right'  ><div class='container av-section-cont-open' ><div class='template-page content  av-content-small alpha units'><div class='post-entry post-entry-type-page post-entry-40323'><div class='entry-content-wrapper clearfix'>\n<section  class='av_textblock_section av-14c0t8j-8c7ee2beb0bbc8daa9928c5d069bb045'   itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/BlogPosting\" itemprop=\"blogPost\" ><div class='avia_textblock'  itemprop=\"text\" ><h3 style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.iemn.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/3livres4.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-40366 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/www.iemn.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/3livres4.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"109\" height=\"64\" \/><\/a>Essay on Machines in General (1786)<\/h3>\n<div id=\"gtx-trans\" style=\"position: absolute; left: -33px; top: 99.9306px;\">\n<div class=\"gtx-trans-icon\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/section>\n<section  class='av_textblock_section av-k9cjyxnu-ab96d446706af4c926cde2295d561102'   itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/BlogPosting\" itemprop=\"blogPost\" ><div class='avia_textblock'  itemprop=\"text\" ><h5 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"color: #003366;\">Raffaele Pisano \u2013 Jennifer Coopersmith \u2013 Murray Peake<\/span><\/h5>\n<\/div><\/section>\n\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-tk71s3-e6ec106ac454a3b28890e5ea2ca2609b\">\n#top .hr.av-tk71s3-e6ec106ac454a3b28890e5ea2ca2609b{\nmargin-top:10px;\nmargin-bottom:10px;\n}\n.hr.av-tk71s3-e6ec106ac454a3b28890e5ea2ca2609b .hr-inner{\nwidth:850px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div  class='hr av-tk71s3-e6ec106ac454a3b28890e5ea2ca2609b hr-custom  avia-builder-el-3  el_after_av_textblock  el_before_av_one_third  hr-center hr-icon-no'><span class='hr-inner inner-border-av-border-thin'><span class=\"hr-inner-style\"><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div class='flex_column_table av-2eeslr7-a82e532ef008cdbea6cc911b5c56c85e sc-av_one_third av-equal-height-column-flextable'>\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-2eeslr7-a82e532ef008cdbea6cc911b5c56c85e\">\n.flex_column.av-2eeslr7-a82e532ef008cdbea6cc911b5c56c85e{\nborder-radius:0px 0px 0px 0px;\npadding:0px 0px 0px 0px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div  class='flex_column av-2eeslr7-a82e532ef008cdbea6cc911b5c56c85e av_one_third  avia-builder-el-4  el_after_av_hr  el_before_av_two_third  first flex_column_table_cell av-equal-height-column av-align-top av-zero-column-padding'     ><section  class='av_textblock_section av-k9cjbh6b-1bfa4341bae9e8f1ea8d420dfe0d373c'   itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/BlogPosting\" itemprop=\"blogPost\" ><div class='avia_textblock'  itemprop=\"text\" ><p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.iemn.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/premiere_couv_web.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignleft wp-image-40327 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/www.iemn.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/premiere_couv_web.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"535\" height=\"794\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.iemn.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/premiere_couv_web.jpg 535w, https:\/\/www.iemn.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/premiere_couv_web-202x300.jpg 202w, https:\/\/www.iemn.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/premiere_couv_web-475x705.jpg 475w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 535px) 100vw, 535px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<\/div><\/section><\/div>\n<div class='av-flex-placeholder'><\/div>\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-1i436gz-0aebea4b2e840d2193facc1853af2f5b\">\n.flex_column.av-1i436gz-0aebea4b2e840d2193facc1853af2f5b{\nborder-radius:0px 0px 0px 0px;\npadding:0px 0px 0px 0px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div  class='flex_column av-1i436gz-0aebea4b2e840d2193facc1853af2f5b av_two_third  avia-builder-el-6  el_after_av_one_third  el_before_av_one_third  flex_column_table_cell av-equal-height-column av-align-top av-zero-column-padding'     ><section  class='av_textblock_section av-k9cib6u9-d30454bf00be94e449fbb0dbd8490df4'   itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/BlogPosting\" itemprop=\"blogPost\" ><div class='avia_textblock'  itemprop=\"text\" ><h5><span style=\"color: #0e4d8c;\">Ce livre offre des informations pertinentes \u00e0 l\u2019histoire moderne et l\u2019\u00e9pist\u00e9mologie de la physique, des math\u00e9matiques et, en effet, \u00e0 toutes les disciplines des sciences et de l\u2019ing\u00e9nierie \u00e9mergeant du 19\u00e8me si\u00e8cle. Ce volume de recherche est le premier d\u2019un ensemble de trois livres Springer sur l\u2019ouvrage remarquable de Lazare Nicolas Margu\u00e9rite Carnot (1753-1823) : Essay on Machines in General (Essai sur les machines en g\u00e9n\u00e9ral [1783] 1786).<\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"color: #0e4d8c;\"> Les deux autres volumes \u00e0 venir sont : Principes fondamentaux de l\u2019\u00e9quilibre et du mouvement (1803) et G\u00e9om\u00e9trie de position (1803).<\/span><\/h5>\n<p>Lazare Carnot, l\u2019organisateur de la victoire, dans Essai sur la machine en g\u00e9n\u00e9ral (1786), a suppos\u00e9 que la g\u00e9n\u00e9ralisation des machines \u00e9tait une n\u00e9cessit\u00e9 pour la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 et son d\u00e9veloppement \u00e9conomique. Par la suite, sa nouvelle science \u00e0 venir appliqu\u00e9e aux machines a attir\u00e9 un int\u00e9r\u00eat consid\u00e9rable pour le technicien, ainsi, d\u00e9j\u00e0 dans les ann\u00e9es 1780. Sans manquer de rigueur, Carnot a utilis\u00e9 des arguments g\u00e9om\u00e9triques et trigonom\u00e9triques plut\u00f4t qu\u2019alg\u00e9briques, et a g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement continu\u00e9 \u00e0 expliquer en mots ce que les formules contenaient. Ses principaux concepts physiques et math\u00e9matiques \u00e9taient le mouvement g\u00e9om\u00e9trique et le moment de l\u2019activit\u00e9, concept de travail. En particulier, il a trouv\u00e9 les invariants de la transmission du mouvement (en pr\u00e9cisant le principe du moment de la quantit\u00e9 de mouvement) et a th\u00e9oris\u00e9 l\u2019\u00e9tat de l\u2019efficacit\u00e9 maximale des machines m\u00e9caniques (c.-\u00e0-d. principe de continuit\u00e9 dans la transmission de la puissance).<\/p>\n<p>Bien que le th\u00e8me central reste les th\u00e9ories et les \u00e9tudes historiques du texte, le livre contient une introduction \u00e9tendue et une traduction anglaise critique pr\u00e9cise \u2013 y compris l\u2019\u00e9dition de texte parall\u00e8le et des notes critiques\/explicatives substantielles \u2013 d\u2019Essai sur les machines en g\u00e9n\u00e9ral (1786). Les auteurs offrent un aper\u00e7u indispensable de la relation entre la m\u00e9canique, les math\u00e9matiques et l\u2019ing\u00e9nierie d\u2019un point de vue conceptuel, empirique et m\u00e9thodologique, et universalis. En tant qu\u2019\u00e9criture de pointe par les autorit\u00e9s de premier plan sur l\u2019histoire de la physique et des math\u00e9matiques, et les aspects \u00e9pist\u00e9mologiques, il fait appel aux historiens, \u00e9pist\u00e9mologues-philosophes et scientifiques (physiciens, math\u00e9maticiens et sciences appliqu\u00e9es et technologie).<\/p>\n<\/div><\/section><\/div><\/div><!--close column table wrapper. Autoclose: 1 -->\n\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-4vs0w3-db007cea0deb447f5d4e3d8015b1bddf\">\n.flex_column.av-4vs0w3-db007cea0deb447f5d4e3d8015b1bddf{\nborder-radius:0px 0px 0px 0px;\npadding:0px 0px 0px 0px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div  class='flex_column av-4vs0w3-db007cea0deb447f5d4e3d8015b1bddf av_one_third  avia-builder-el-8  el_after_av_two_third  el_before_av_two_third  first flex_column_div av-zero-column-padding  column-top-margin'     ><section  class='av_textblock_section av-k9cjs9vj-1f75a4c4c894b090929945c0e435950b'   itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/BlogPosting\" itemprop=\"blogPost\" ><div class='avia_textblock'  itemprop=\"text\" ><p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.iemn.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/derniere_couv_web.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignleft wp-image-40329 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/www.iemn.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/derniere_couv_web.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"595\" height=\"794\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.iemn.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/derniere_couv_web.jpg 595w, https:\/\/www.iemn.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/derniere_couv_web-225x300.jpg 225w, https:\/\/www.iemn.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/derniere_couv_web-528x705.jpg 528w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 595px) 100vw, 595px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<\/div><\/section><\/div>\n\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-prz2kj-beadcdbc8e874fd7e2e27421f052232d\">\n.flex_column.av-prz2kj-beadcdbc8e874fd7e2e27421f052232d{\nborder-radius:0px 0px 0px 0px;\npadding:0px 0px 0px 0px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div  class='flex_column av-prz2kj-beadcdbc8e874fd7e2e27421f052232d av_two_third  avia-builder-el-10  el_after_av_one_third  el_before_av_one_full  flex_column_div av-zero-column-padding  column-top-margin'     ><section  class='av_textblock_section av-k9ciqo26-7528ae40e8a51af7f9300a29985eb707'   itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/BlogPosting\" itemprop=\"blogPost\" ><div class='avia_textblock'  itemprop=\"text\" ><h5><span style=\"color: #0e4d8c;\">This book offers insights relevant to modern history and epistemology of physics, mathematics and, indeed, to all the sciences and engineering disciplines emerging of 19th century. This research volume is the first of a set of three Springer books on Lazare Nicolas Margu\u00e9rite Carnot\u2019s (1753\u20131823) remarkable work: Essay on Machines in General (Essai sur les machines en g\u00e9n\u00e9ral [1783] 1786). <\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"color: #0e4d8c;\"> The other two forthcoming volumes are: Principes fondamentaux de l\u2019\u00e9quilibre et du mouvement (1803) and G\u00e9om\u00e9trie de position (1803).<\/span><\/h5>\n<p>Lazare Carnot \u2013 l\u2019organisateur de la victoire \u2013 in Essai sur le machine en g\u00e9n\u00e9ral (1786) assumed that the generalization of machines was a necessity for society and its economic development. Subsequently, his new coming science applied to machines attracted considerable interest for technician, as well, already in the 1780\u2019s. With no lack in rigour, Carnot used geometric and trigonometric rather than algebraic arguments, and usually went on to explain in words what the formulae contained. His main physical\u2013mathematical concepts were the Geometric motion and Moment of activity\u2013concept of Work. In particular, he found the invariants of the transmission of motion (by stating the principle of the moment of the quantity of motion) and theorized the condition of the maximum efficiency of mechanical machines (i.e., principle of continuity in the transmission of power).<\/p>\n<p>While the core theme remains the theories and historical studies of the text, the book contains an extensive Introduction and an accurate critical English Translation \u2013 including the parallel text edition and substantive critical\/explicative notes \u2013 of Essai sur les machines en g\u00e9n\u00e9ral (1786). The authors offer much-needed insight into the relation between mechanics, mathematics and engineering from a conceptual, empirical and methodological, and universalis point of view. As a cutting\u2013edge writing by leading authorities on the history of physics and mathematics, and epistemological aspects, it appeals to historians, epistemologist\u2013philosophers and scientists (physicists, mathematicians and applied sciences and technology).<\/p>\n<\/div><\/section><\/div>\n\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-rur45f-60e698e0e0cd77667426f98ed1d45f0a\">\n.flex_column.av-rur45f-60e698e0e0cd77667426f98ed1d45f0a{\nborder-radius:0px 0px 0px 0px;\npadding:0px 0px 0px 0px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div  class='flex_column av-rur45f-60e698e0e0cd77667426f98ed1d45f0a av_one_full  avia-builder-el-12  el_after_av_two_third  avia-builder-el-last  first flex_column_div av-zero-column-padding  column-top-margin'     ><\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":41175,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[3,8,36,299],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-40323","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-a-la-une","category-actualites","category-articles-temporaires","category-news-2"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.iemn.fr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/40323","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.iemn.fr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.iemn.fr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.iemn.fr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.iemn.fr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=40323"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.iemn.fr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/40323\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.iemn.fr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/41175"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.iemn.fr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=40323"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.iemn.fr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=40323"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.iemn.fr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=40323"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}